Translations of Encyclopedia about Physics

Milestones in the Advancement of Physics

Ancient Greece	The first physical laws and theories.
400 B.C. 260 B.C.	Demokritos believed that matter is made up of indivisible particles. Archimedes described pressure and the principles of torque.

Middle Ages	Church dogmatism prevented the further advancement of knowledge and any doubt cast on them.
12/13^th centuries	The first universities are founded (under the supervision of the church).
Renaissance	The beginning of experimental physics. The churches influence on natural sciences weakens.

Modern Age
1600	William Gilbert considers the earth’s centre as a magnet.
1638	Galileo Galilei establishes the theory of scientific mechanics.
1642	Blaise Pascal construes the mechanic counting machine used for making calculations.
1643	Evangelista Torricelli discovers and measures atmospheric pressure.
1665	Isaac Newton publishes his key work of Principal of Gravitational and Movement Laws.
1701	Joseph Sauveur defines the concept of" acoustics" for the study of sound.
1703	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz sheds light on binary systems, which later become the foundation for computer techniques.
1799	Alessandro Volta invents the battery.
1800	William Herschel discovers infra-red rays.
1803	John Dalton formulates his atom theory..
1819	Hans Christian Orsted discovers electromagnetics..
1821	Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic waves.
1822	George Ohm establishes the relation between voltage and current: Ohm’s Law.
1827	George Boole established Boole’s algebra, based on which today’s microprocessors are founded.
1831	Michael Faraday discovers the principles of electromagnetic induction.
1843	James P. Joule clarified the relation between heat, electricity and work.
1846	Lord Kelvin (William Thomson of Largs) formulated the principles to thermodynamics.
1869	Dimitrij Mendelejew formulated the periodic system of elements.
1879	William Crookes studied short term radiation in tubes.
1888	Heinrich R. Herz created experimental radio waves.
1896	Wilhelm C. Röntgen emission, which was named after him.
1897	Joseph John Tomson discovers the electron.
1900	Max Planck comes out with quantum theory.
1904	John Fleming invents the electron tube.
1904	Albert Einstein publishes his special theory of relativity.
1906	Lee de Forest devises the theory of vacuum.
1911	Ernest Rutherford creates the model of the atom, with its nucleus and its outer shell.
1913	Niels Bohr comes out with his postulates of individual electron paths around the atom’s nucleus.
1915	Albert Einstein publishes his general theory of relativity.
1919	Ernest Rutherford transforms the nucleus of nitrogen into the nucleus of oxygen.
1930er	Claude Shannon develops the logical circuit as the basis for the digital computer.
1932	John D. Cockcroft and Ernest T. Walton build the first particle accelerator.
1938	Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann discover nuclear fission.
1940 (40-léta)	Konrád Zuse, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry put together the first computer. Johann von Neumann then prepares a design for the standard computer.
1942	Enrico Fermi builds the first nuclear reactor.
1943	ENIAC, the first programmable, mutlipurpose computer.
1945	Pressed joints.
1947	USA - the first transistor is invented.
1958	Jack Kilby develops the first integrated circuit.
1964	Murray Gell-Mann confirms the existence of quarks.
1965	Intel builds the first microprocessor chip.
1980	American scientists come out with the theory of chaos.
1984	Apple introduces its Macintosh computer onto the market, the first computer with graphical user plotting.
1986	Development of the superconductor.

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